Australia

Summary

ODA Spending

How much ODA does Australia allocate?

Australia is the 13^th-largest economy in the world. In 2022, Australia fell from 13^th-largest to 14^th-largest donor in absolute terms, and from 21^st to 26^th-largest donor in relative terms. Preliminary OECD data for 2023 show Australia regaining its position as 13^th-largest donor in absolute terms.

At US$3.3 billion for FY2023/24, ODA represented 0.19% of Australia’s GNI in 2022, putting it below many other major donors in terms of its prioritization of global development.

How is Australian ODA changing?

Australia’s ODA budget has been steadily declining since its peak in FY2013/14. Despite this steady decline, ODA increased by 8% from 2020 to 2021 due to an increase in bilateral grants, primarily for COVID-19 vaccine donations and health system assistance.

In 2022, Australian ODA decreased by 13% because of differences in its financial year reporting and the timing of its COVID-19 related expenditure compared to 2021. These reporting differences may result in an increase in reported ODA for 2023.

Australia’s Labor Party government, elected in May 2022, abolished the previous government’s AUD4 billion ( US$2.8 billion) budget cap. Previously, that limit was surpassed by excluded ‘temporary, targeted & supplementary measures’ that supported COVID-19 assistance, economic recovery, and regional partnerships. A revised budget was released in October 2022, which seeks to spend an additional AUD1.4 billion ( US$971 million) over four years. In the FY2023/24 budget, released in May 2023, the government committed to increasing the ODA budget by 2.5% annually from FY2026/27 onward. It also aimed to increase Australia’s overseas assistance by AUD8.6 billion ( US$6 billion) over a ten-year period starting in FY2027/28. Although the Australian government has spoken in terms of rebuilding its ODA budget, in fact, this commitment only acts to maintain the current monetary value of its ODA for a decade from FY2027/28. As a result, Australia’s ODA/GNI ratio will continue to fall as the economy grows.

The FY2024/25 budget was released in May 2024 and showed the ODA budget rising slightly to AUD5 billion ( US$3.4 billion). 0.19% ODA/GNI was expected in 2024. Notably, Australia included the grant element of concessional infrastructure loans in the overall ODA figures for the first time.

How is Australian ODA allocated?

Australia has a strong focus on bilateral support. This includes both bilateral ODA and earmarked funding through multilaterals. Australia's focus on bilateral support is due to its prioritization of neighboring countries in the Indo-Pacific region. It is also reflective of the government’s focus on promoting national interest and strengthening bilateral relationships.

The latest budget sees funding for the Pacific rise to almost 40% of the total ODA budget. This is partly driven by geopolitical concerns over Chinese influence in the region. Assistance to the Pacific will rise to a record AUD2 billion ( US$1.4 billion).

Australia tends to disburse its ODA in the form of grants. However, the launch of the AIFFP in 2019 and the extension of loans to Southeast Asia in support of their COVID-19 recovery raised concerns that the previous and current government may be shifting toward loan-financed infrastructure projects. At the request of the government, DFAT undertook a review of different development financing approaches that might complement Australia’s grant financing and enhance the effectiveness of current financing arrangements in the Pacific and Southeast Asia. This financial review recommended some sovereign and non-sovereign financing mechanisms that could be used by the Australian government.

Bilateral Spending

In line with Australia’s focus on COVID-19 and regional health partnerships, health was the top-funded bilateral sector in 2022. This spending increase was related to the launch of Australia’s new development policy, which had COVID-19 and broader global health vulnerabilities at its core.

Australia's prioritization of government and civil society aligns with the country’s emphasis on economic growth, private sector investment, trade, and regional security. Although government remains a major sector, funding to this area has declined steadily in recent years, falling by 22% from 2017 to 2022.

Australia concentrates its development support on neighboring countries in the Indo-Pacific region. While unusual compared to other DAC donors, this trend aligns with Australia’s strong policy focus on the region. Australia’s latest development policy put particular emphasis on its closest Pacific neighbors, Timor-Leste and Indonesia. The FY2022/23 revised budget estimated that the AUD900 million ( US$624 million) in bilateral assistance will go to the Pacific over 4 years, and AUD470 million ( US$326 million) to Southeast and East Asia. Australian ODA to the Pacific and Southeast Asia is estimated to be 93% of Australian ODA to all geographic areas in FY2024/25.

Australia’s regional focus means ODA is concentrated in LMICs.

Multilateral Spending and Commitments

Australia channels a low proportion of ODA through multilateral organizations, with regular review by MOPAN. Australia’s core funding to multilaterals in 2020-2021 received a positive evaluation from the organization’s most recent assessment, which focused on the effectiveness of Partnerships for Recovery, Australia’s COVID-19 response policy in the Indo-Pacific region.

Recent commitments to multilateral organizations are summarized on the second slide below.

Politics & Priorities

What is the current government's perspective on ODA?

Australia is a representative democracy with a parliamentary system. Elections take place every three years. There are three main parties represented in Australia’s House of Representatives: the Australian Labor Party, the Liberal Party of Australia, and the National Party of Australia.

The last election was in May 2022. The Labor party won, making Anthony Albanese the Prime Minister.

The Labor Government’s election platform indicated Australia’s ODA/GNI ratio would be increased in every annual budget. This was generally assumed to mean increasing ODA spending by around 0.01% ODA/GNI per year. At this rate, Australia would increase its development budget by approximately AUD220 million ( US$153 million) every year, a significant change from the many years of steady decline in ODA since FY2013/14. This increase is part of the Labor Party’s ambition to reach a 0.5% ODA/GNI ratio, which has not occurred since the 1980s. However, no timeframe for reaching this goal has been announced.

Specific ODA increases made by Labor in the October 2022 budget amount to roughly AUD1.4 billion ( US$971 million) through 2026, including:

• AUD470 million ( US$326 million) in additional funding for assistance to Southeast Asia;
• AUD900 million ( US$624 million) in additional funding for the Pacific region; and
• An AUD30 million ( US$21 million) increase for NGOs.

Who is responsible for allocating ODA?

Click for more details on each actor.

What are Australia's development goals?

The policy’s primary goals include:

• Emphasizing social inclusion and locally-led development;
• Promoting gender equality;
• Promoting climate projects, adaptation, and resilience;
• Building effective, accountable states that drive their own development; and
• Enhancing state and community resilience to external pressures and shocks.

The new policy is focused on generating action to ensure a peaceful, stable, and prosperous Indo-Pacific. Other regions were addressed infrequently.

In October 2024, Minister for International Development and the Pacific Pat Conroy launched a new policy for Australian humanitarian action. The policy maintained Australia’s overall focus on the Indo-Pacific region and has three priority areas:

• Enhancing preparedness with international partners;
• Responding to disasters and crises by delivering support to affected populations, and provide protection for the most vulnerable with a focus on both immediate and long term needs; and
• Providing reinforcement to the international humanitarian system and take steps to improve adherence to international humanitarian law.

By issue

Global Health: Global health is a key part of DFAT’s 2023 development assistance policy. Noting that the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted many vulnerabilities in global health systems, Australia pledged to improve the resilience of regional global health infrastructure, support efforts to prevent and manage the spread of disease, including HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, and for non-communicable diseases and mental illness, as well as expand UHC and SRHR.

The government pledged AUD100 million ( US$69 million) over 2022-2027 to CEPI and AUD85 million ( US$59 million) to COVAX AMC to support COVID-19 vaccine development and distribution. In the FY2023/24 budget, regional health spending dropped by almost half from the high levels committed to the COVID-19 response in the previous year's budget.

Australia also supports regional health security through multilateral initiatives and funding from non- ODA sources. This approach included the launch of the Indo-Pacific Health Security Initiative in October 2017, which prioritized initiatives such as pandemic prevention.

In 2023, the Regional Health initiative received an additional five years of funding. This program will continue to support resilient health systems, while also expanding to focus on noncommunicable diseases and improvements to mental health services. The program will receive AUD620 million ( US$430 million), with AUD157 million ( US$109 million) provided for reproductive health and rights programs. The program will continue to be administered by the Indo-Pacific Centre for Health Security, located within DFAT.

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Australia’s ODA to Global Health

Climate and gender equality: Climate change and gender equality are prioritized in Australia’s revised FY2023/24 budget, as well as in its 2023 development policy. The Labor government has made climate resilience a major focus in assistance to the Pacific. Climate was not a strong thematic priority for Australia under the previous government. The Climate Change and Environment budget line received AUD142 million ( US$98 million) in the FY2023/24 budget, up from AUD137 million ( US$95 million) in FY2022/23. Investments will mainly support low-emission and climate-resilient investment in the Indo-Pacific. Australia has also indicated its desire to co-host the COP31 climate meeting in 2026, in conjunction with Pacific Island countries.

On December 8, 2023, Australia announced that it will rejoin the GCF and contribute AUD50 million ( US$35 million) to the fund. Australia previously left the GCF in 2019 while voicing concerns about its application in Australia’s local region. A new long-term target introduced the goal of ensuring that 80% of new programs with a budget over AUD3 million ( US$2 million) include a climate change objective.

The government has recommitted to addressing gender issues with at least 80% of DFAT’s development cooperation investments, making increases in gender spending likely in the years ahead. In February 2023, Australia announced that it would undertake consultations across the East Asia and Pacific region in establishing an LGBTQ+ human rights engagement strategy. In its 2023 development policy, Australia re-instituted the requirement for 80% of all new Australian ODA programs with a budget of over AUD3 million (US$2 million) to include gender equality objectives.

The FY2024/25 budget highlighted that AUD144 million ( US$100 million) was estimated to be spent on climate and the environment. A new Climate Resilient Communities Fund in the Pacific is slated to receive AUD100 million ( US$69 million) over 3 years. Environment spending included AUD200 million ( US$138 million) for a Pacific Resilience Facility over 4 years. An Indonesia Environment Partnership will receive AUD200 million ( US$138 million) over 4 years. The gender equality, inclusion, and disability sectors are estimated to receive AUD102 million ( US$71 million), including for implementation of expected new strategies for gender equality, LGBTQI+ rights, and disabilities. This also included funds for an Indo-Pacific Gender Equality Fund and a Southeast Asia-based GBV prevention program.

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Australia's ODA for Gender Equality

Australia's ODA for Climate Change

Neither agriculture nor education are major priorities for Australia; however, both issues are considered components of Australia’s support for countries’ recovery from COVID-19 and resilience to future crises.

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Australia’s ODA for Agriculture

Australia’s ODA for Education

By region

Indo-Pacific: The Indo-Pacific region will remain the primary focus of Australian ODA under the Labor government and the new development policy. However, programming will likely concentrate almost exclusively on the Pacific and Southeast Asia given the “first-tier priority” designation of the Pacific, Timor-Leste, and Indonesia. Australia’s continued focus on the Pacific is partially a response to China’s active development loan and security presence in the region. It also responds to Pacific Island nations’ concerns over the impacts of climate change.

Speaking with the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat in Fiji on May 26, 2022, the Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs Penny Wong outlined Australia's priorities in its relationship with the Pacific region, promising an era of renewed engagement and reaffirming Australia’s commitment to provide AUD525 million ( US$364 million) in ODA to the Pacific region over the next four years, with a particular emphasis on recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. This amount was later increased to AUD900 million ( US$624 million) over 4 years. Within the FY2024/25 ODA program, expenditure on the Pacific is expected to rise to almost 40% of the total ODA budget.

Recent, sustained growth in funding to the Pacific region has resulted in cuts to bilateral assistance to South Asia (including Afghanistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Maldives, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka), which followed Australia’s end of assistance to Africa. For example, Australia phased out its bilateral ODA to Pakistan completely (in the FY2020/21 budget) and made significant reductions to bilateral programs in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia, and Nepal, with serious implications for funding for gender equality and agriculture. Following these cuts, the FY2023/24 budget for South and West Asia remained relatively stable.

Southeast Asia: Australia is reinvesting in Southeast Asia, with funding expected to rebound after previous years’ cuts. The change is reflected in Australia’s new engagement as part of the Quad, which is increasing assistance to the region. At the Quad Leaders’ Meeting in May 2022, Prime Minister Anthony Albanese reiterated his plans to bolster Australia’s relationship with Southeast Asia through the AUD470 million ( US$326 million) in funding to the region over the next four years (2022-2026), but also by appointing a new envoy to the region, creating an Office of Southeast Asia within DFAT, and developing a closer working relationship with ASEAN.

Budget

What are the details of Australia's ODA budget?

Australia’s ODA budget for FY2024/25 (July 2024-June 2025) is AUD5 billion ( US$3.4 billion), a slight rise from the previous budget. 94% of funding in the ODA budget is managed by DFAT. 0.19% ODA/GNI was expected in 2024. Notably, Australia included the grant element of concessional infrastructure loans in the overall ODA figures for the first time.

The budget is composed of two major funding lines:

• Country and Regional Programs: This contains budget lines for major regions, which are further broken down by annual allocations to specific country programs; and
• Global Programs: This envelope includes budget lines for multilaterals, CSOs, and humanitarian assistance to the UN, Commonwealth, and Other International Organizations. The Global Fund; Gavi; and GPEI are usually included in the health-specific sub-funding line, ‘Contribution to Global Health Programs.’

How does Australia determine its budget?

The fiscal year normally runs from July 1 to June 30:

• Budget proposals and changes are developed: Between October and November, budget proposals are developed and advocacy for new initiatives takes place.
• The ERC determines budget priorities: The ERC of the Cabinet, composed of the Prime Minister, Treasurer, Finance Minister, and other ministers, meets in November to determine budget priorities. Based on these priorities, DFAT and other departments start to prepare funding requests.
• DFAT prepares and develops its budget: From December to February, DFAT prepares its overall budget proposal and requests for specific budget lines. At the end of this process, the Foreign Affairs Minister submits the Department’s budget request to the Cabinet’s ERC.
• ERC reviews draft budgets and departmental funding: From March to late April, ERC meets regularly to review the overall draft budget and departmental funding. Based on the overall budget allocated to DFAT, the Foreign Affairs Minister makes a final decision on internal budget allocations.
• Parliament reviews the budget: The Treasurer normally announces the budget on the second Tuesday in May (known as ‘budget night’) and delivers it to Parliament in a televised address. Between May and June, Parliament debates and formally reviews the budget. Importantly, the development budget is embedded in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ budget and is not a major point for negotiation in Australian budget politics. In the Senate, the development budget is reviewed by the Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Legislation Committee, which can seek information on the proposed development program but has no power to amend the budget.
• Parliament approves the budget: After examination and debate, Parliament formally approves the government’s budget in June. In practice, the budget, including the development budget component, is usually passed without amendments by the government majority in the House of Representatives. Throughout the financial year, DFAT holds a significant amount of discretion on the distribution of funds not yet allocated.